Bleak House (1853)

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  • serial numbers and narrative voices do not match up, making it even more ontologically complex

General Notes

Page numbers in this and the next section refer to Dickens, Bleak House. ed. Patricia Ingham. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Editions, 2011.

  • 61 he seeds so many themes in the first paragraphs: Chancery, London, mud and fog fuddling the senses, mud as the encrustations of time, climate/atmospheric awareness, the jostling collocation of biblical and new scientific ways of knowing, infection, and finance
    • l/u compound interest: “Money paid for the use of money lent (the principal), or for forbearance of a debt, according to a fixed ratio (rate per cent.). Interest is paid at fixed intervals, usually once or twice in the year. simple interest is the interest paid on the principal as lent. compound (†compounded) interest (interest upon interest), is the interest eventually paid on a principal periodically increased by the addition of each fresh amount of interest as it becomes due and remains unpaid. Interest in this sense was formerly called usury, a name still applied when interest is charged at a rate beyond what is considered legitimate or just.” (OED)
  • 62 repetition
  • what do we know about chancery from the first para? What does the narrator want us to know?
  • 63 chancery networks the nation: generates/effects imagined community
    • 166 Rumour, too, in and around Chancery (from Snagsby's to Tulkinghorn)
  • 66 main chars intro'd without names by LC: mediated by the legal apparatus and their role in the case
  • cyclicality of imagery - like the novel in minature
  • careful lamination of image clusters in key descriptions
  • "fashionable intelligence" (rumor) another networking imagined community
  • 71 not naming or delayed/mediated naming of major characters but memorably naming Mr Sladdery who never appears again(?)
  • 75 shift in ch 3 (along with the wider from omniscient to first person) to revealing thematics, as of gender, through dialogue rather than narration description as much
  • 87 why does ada need a companion?
    • because she'd be the only lady in Bleak House and she might be lonely; plus this works as a pretext to get ES a job. "Impecunious gentlewomen who did not want to govern or teach or keep a shop could sometimes find a post being a companion to the widowed or the otherwise lonely" (What Jane Austen Ate p 289).
  • 89 Mrs J's project is imperial as well as philanthropic
  • 93 "momentous imptance of Africa, and the utter insignificance of all other places and things"
  • 98 effect of ending #1 where it does?
  • 111ff intro to Bleak House & Jarndyce, esp 114 (what does description do)
  • 117 Skimpole: arrested on 122, 125 "he is a child"
    • compare to the Jellybys (caddy esp)
  • 133 Guppy recognizing Lady D painting - it looks like ES
  • 134 Ghost Walk story - what is it doing?
  • 138 exposition about J & J Chancery suit (thru 141 - Wiglomeration)
  • 142 she won't let him tell her her story
  • 172 suspense about whether Nemo is dead at the end of #3
  • 173 Opium legality in 1850s?
    • "Until 1916 drug use was hardly controlled, and widely available opium and coca preparations commonplace" Wiki
    • "At the beginning of the nineteenth century, as a result of the expanding British Empire, opium also became available in Britain and soon it was as popular as alcohol." Vic Web
  • 175 Snagsby explaining how he came to employ Nemo
  • 176 Krook outside of, or at the edges, of the paper and ink based knowledge economy in Chancery neighborhood
  • pawnbroker's tickets
  • 177 rumour spreading through the street
  • 178 register/syntax switch - effect?
    • narration of the inquest - > high-toned at the end of the chapter
  • talk about all the paper in ch 11
  • 181 Jo first mentioned at Coroner's Inquest into Nemo's death
  • is justice served at Nemo's inquest?
  • 182 Snagsby's snobbery about Jo
  • 183 Guster "murders sleep" - MacBeth
  • 186 Misremembers Ariel for Puck in describing Lady Dedlock's world weariness (Tempest and Midsummer Night's Dream)
  • 185-6 Again Lady D's plight -> Connecting in Boythorn and Nemo through a letter (again it's Tulkinghorn but he himself is absent)
  • 189 Hortense
  • 191 Boodle, Coodle, Doodle satire (but rooted in picking at the Oxford movement and old fashioned moneyed interests)
  • 197 Jarndyce blames Richard's indecision and blitheness in part on the chancery case
  • 200 Guppy stalking Esther
  • 202-3 The Bayham Badgers - groteseque but funny
  • 204 Ada and Richard's love and Jarndyce's imploring him to be constant
  • 208 ES holds back that "a young gentleman" was at the dinner party - Allen W - unreliability
  • 211-2 Caddy J: compares herself to a slave, and then lathers on domestic ideology rather thickly
  • 213 will have to define deportment -- connects to the Dandyism at Chesney Wold (at least in its earlier, less insidious incarnation according to narrator)
  • 215-6 Mr Turveydrop - patterning of irresponsible or absent parents
  • and different models of gentlemanliness
  • 223-4 Ms Flite's birds, and meeting Allen again. Plus Krook
  • 230 Skimpole -> Coavinses (dead) -> The Neckett children, including Charley
    • building toward the poverty of Tom All Alones it seems (via Chancery with Mr. Gridley, 234)
  • 235 Gridley railing against "the System"
  • 238 "What connexion can there be"
  • 238ff Tom All Alones and Jo
    • ties in chancery, develops illiteracy theme from Krook (the illegibility of the economy and his illegibility to it)
  • 245 Chancery and Richard's character again
  • The Badgers: laminating farce with advancing the plot
  • 248 R "it'll do as well as anything else"
  • 252 again ES talking to J about her childhood
  • 257 Skimpole: "Chairs and tables are wearisome objects; they were monotonous ideas"
    • the cycle of debt -> credit economy
  • 259 mains connecting to Dedlock thru Boythorn
  • 262 ES sees Lady D
  • 265 Again Skimpole offensively mentions slavery
  • 266 they meet lady d
  • 272 Chadband - unctuous religious cant
  • 275 Jo won't move on
  • 278 Mrs Chadband = Rachael
  • 281 Guppy "takes infinite pains to counterplot, where there is no plot"
  • 1st mention of RC pouring over J & J
  • 285 Jobling's "trust in things coming round" subjected to satire
  • 286 Smallweed keeps Jobling from interrupting by saying "Shakespeare" irrelevantly when Guppy is trying to convince J to go and live at Krook's to be his spy
  • 289 Guppy trying to wake Krook: "But it would seem as easy to wake a bundle of old clothes, with a spirituous heat smouldering in it" (cross ref with Our Mutual Friend (1865))
  • 290 Guppy filling Krook's gin and the Lord Chancellor calls him "a baron of the land" - a little dilapidated show of a different class, distantly recalling I Henry IV when they "try" Falstaff in the pub
  • 292 this section makes a sort of formal sense: if the network is London and everyone is out of town, then he has to pay attention to these secondary characters who are still there
  • compound interest reappears in the Smallweed family, implying that Smallweed's great-grandfather was a usurious moneylender
    • thus a direct connection to the accumulation of time (through the charity school rote learning of the Old Testament) and debt from the first chapter
  • 293 Smallweed's father's (?) mind was of "a lean and anxious character," like Cassius in Julius Caesar
    • what was Dickens doing in August 1852 that would lead to such a clutch of Shakespeare?
  • 294 "The excellent old man being, at these times, a mere clothes-bag with a black skull-cap on top of it" (Old Mr Smallweed)
  • Judy Smallweed is "an animal of another species," like Jo
  • their cruelty to Charley and to Grandmother Smallweed, who is disabled
  • 298 Mr George (Rouncewell) introduced, who has borrowed money from the Smallweeds and is there to pay the interest
    • his interest in maternal relations seeded immediately
  • 300 the Smallweeds, tellingly, aren't readers
  • "he will have his bond" from Smallweed like Shylock Merchant of Venice
  • 303 Smallweed flushed out Hawdon using a false ad in the newspaper to get him arrested for debt
    • George was his friend when he was a high living young captain
  • 305 Phil Squod
  • 306 first Guppy and Smallweed (flushing out Hawdon), now Tulkinghorn, Mrs. Snagsby, and Bucket: the latter formalizes the theme of investigation, of epistemological/teleological uncertainty being unsuccessfully investigated
  • 308 Buckett introduced
  • 312 the brickmaker's family from ch. 8 reappear in Tom All Alone's
  • 313 glass and photographic modernity in going into Tom All Alone's with Bucket: bulls-eye lantern, Jo "stands amazed in the disc of light, like a ragged figure in a magic lanthorn"
  • 315 Lady D cleverly stole Hortense's clothes
  • 318 Hortense's revolutionary energy (tho not of 48, of 1789)
    • temporality: presumably the foregoing chapter with H's interview happens chronologically after ES's interview with her here
  • 319 RC "beginning to haunt the Court"
  • 320 again architectural space metaphors: RC compares his situation to an unfinished house
  • 324 Turveydrop's melodrama when Prince and Caddy announce engagement
  • 325 "sere and yellow leaf" Macbeth
  • 329 Mrs J's indifference worse than scorn
  • 330 Charley becomes ES's maid (gift from JJ)
    • contrast in models of charity/philanthropy
  • 331 RC reapplies to Chancery and the LC describes him as a "capricious infant" -- tying the literal representation of adult children and irresponsible parents to a figural relation to Chancery
  • contrast LC in chambers vs. in open court: his person and his role
  • 332 J & J "the family curse" (Jarndyce) --> JJ advises R and A to break their engagement for the time being (causes estrangement between R and JJ)
  • 335 George's "military time" so different than the herky-jerky "start" of RC's bildung that's blighted by Chancery on 333
  • 337 ES contrasts the Lord C's pomp vs the state of suitors in chancery in reality terms
  • 338 ES meets Mrs Rachael (now Chadband) again
  • 340 Bucket disguises himself to get at Gridley at George's
  • 343 Gridley's despair
  • 346 Mrs Snagsby's suspicion and jealousy - yet another failed detective
    • formal affordance: reminding us of the various strands left out there to be pulled together
  • 347ff Chadband trying to "improve" Jo - pseudo-religious cant
    • 350 narratorical didacticism at the bottom of the page
  • 353 Phil's pastoral dream (as Armstrong would say, it invokes its opposite - though the difference vs lyric is that here's it's cheek by jowl by it in the text)
  • 359 RC has gotten involved with Smallweed's moneylender
  • 362 George recognizes the portrait of Sir Leicester on the wall
  • 364 Tulkinghorn makes plain George's relationship to Nemo (Hawdon) and then tries to get a sample of his writing from him
  • 367ff the Bagnets
  • 372 "Sir L's cousins, in the remotest degree, are so many Murders, in the respect that they 'will out'" Macbeth
  • 375 first mention of Mrs R's other son, the Ironmaster - passing of socioeconomic systems
    • 379 "do you draw a parallel between Chesney Wold and a factory?"
  • 382 Lady D's fear of Tulkinghorn
  • 385 Guppy trying to connect ES to Lady D
    • uses letters from Hawdon to influence her (to blackmail her really)
  • 388 "trumpet-tongued" again Macbeth
  • a big cliffhanger to end #9
  • 389 family better than money - Mrs Woodcourt
  • 391-2 ES's fortune told by Mrs Woodcourt - and her subsequent discomfort
  • 393 contrasting with Caddy and the Jellyby family martial/financial troubles
  • 397 Mr J to Caddy: "Never have a Mission"
    • is the narrative fair to Mrs J?
  • 398 more philanthropic satire at Caddy's wedding
  • 401 Charley learning to write -- echoing Krook, Nemo
  • 403 ES's anticipatory self-consciousness before her illness
  • Jo near BH with the brickmaker's family
    • he too mistakes ES for Lady D, "the other lady"
  • 406 JJ observes that Jo would have more care if he were a convicted prisoner than he does in his current state
  • 412 Charley sickens and then ES does, too
  • 414 "swills, after keeping the lovers of harmony in a roar like a very Yorick" Hamlet
  • 414 first hint of the grease that's Krook with Snagsby and Weevle/Jobling
  • 418 Jobling makes fun of Guppy's intriguing
  • 422 Krook's "monomania" in thinking he's "possessed of documents"
  • 423-4 spontaneous combustion
  • 424 Krook's combustion ended up the December issue for Xmas and the end of 1852
    • Lewes's response on p 779
  • Ch 33 starts with a free indirect discourse and parodic newspaper report of Krook's death
  • 426 he personifies everything, everything is weary
  • 427 Snagsby: "What a fate there seems in all this!"
  • 429 Guppy weedles Jobling/Weevle into not mentioning their espionage arrangement to the Coroner's Inquest
  • 431 Turns out Krook was Mrs Smallweed's brother, and now S wants to take out legal documents for his estate
  • 434 the way the situation gets out of control of the neighborhood so quickly, presumably through rumor and the newspaper: it starts to become commodified in a way
    • dramatizing urbanization
  • Guppy returns to Lady D and tulkinghorn spots him
  • 438 why George can't declare bankruptcy: he'd ruin the Bagnets as well: Smallweed has called in the principle to be due
    • they're backing up his loan with security, which allowed him to buy the shooting Gallery
  • 445 George narrowly misses seeing his mother at Tulkinghorn's
  • 446-7 George agrees to give T papers from Hawdon in return for disentangling the Bagnets from George's debt
  • 448 ES's illness
    • it doesn't make sense historically or medically for ES's disease to be smallpox (already a vaccine) (with facial scarring): isolated case, Jo as a nonmanifesting carrier unlikely
    • cholera makes more sense actually, smallpox for plot reasons: Dickens wants her to be disfigured
    • fascination with disfigurement - freak shows - different moral vs scientific valences historically
  • 449 ES's sense of time becomes fractured: one could read this as metafictive, that the temporalities of the novel are also irreconcilable
  • 451 her disfigurement confirmed
    • what does this do?
  • 452 update on Richard and Jarndyce lamenting Wiglomeration (138
  • 453 "changes of air" are important to Victorian health - miasma theory
  • 454 "the old conspiracy to make me happy"
  • 455 Flite relates Jenny having met Lady D, who took ES's handkerchief
  • 457 Flite on Chancery: "There's a cruel attraction to the place. You can't leave it. And you must expect."
    • agony of telos, of the desire for narrative conclusion (something this novel doesn't quite give)
  • 458 Flite implores ES to try to save Richard - moving
  • Shipwreck - Allan returning
  • 459 ES's "secret" about Woodcourt
  • she's also uncharacteristically emotional in thinking about his heroism (thanks, Anna)
  • 460-1 ES looking at herself in the mirror for the first time after her illness
  • "I had never been a beauty": the pathos of feeling that she must hew closer to her moral/spiritual duty than her sense of loss and grief, the way that strong moral code programs her sensibility. Moral and sexual code of conduct at cross purposes with her experience (cf. Leighton 1992 on this in women's poetry). "I knew the worst now, and was composed to it."
  • 463 the repeated returning to her disfigurement: part of the wider topos of cyclical return but also her working through her feelings through the medium of self-composure
    • can it be genuinely reparative to think this way?
  • 465 Lady D has the handkerchief -- what Hitchcock would call a MacGuffin that ties the narrative together
  • her revelation: so simple in the moment
  • 466 Lady D's description of Tulkinghorn - he's a capitalist of secrets
  • 468 Details of her godmother/aunt's duplicity: she kept Lady D's daughter away from her, who thought she had died
  • 470 ES reconciling herself: how those strict moral codes are actually psychologically effective, in a way. Repressive, but she is able to console herself.
  • 471 first time ES has felt obliged to keep a secret from Ada - this is moral development of a sort
  • 474 compares R's "clouded, eager, seeking look" to Miss Flite
  • his alliance with Skimpole immediately worrying; he trusts stasis too much
  • 475 Skimpole callls him "our pastoral Richard" --interesting
  • 476 again R talks abt living in an unfinished house when he argues with ES
  • 478 no justice in the case
  • 482 Skimpole is interesting in a way because he signals the arbitrariness of money as a system of meaningful signs
  • 483 Vholes introduced
  • 490 interesting that ES uses Caddy as a pretext to get a companion to go see Guppy
  • 494 ES covering for LAdy D to Guppy
  • 495 ‘’’Vholes - close read “Mr Vholes is a very respectable man” para —> English law business’’’
    • into para on 496 that takes the form of official blue book paper
  • 497 is this the first time Richard has been narrated by the 3rd p entirely? He was in the scene with Guppy etc…
  • 499 “Who can read the heart, Mr. C?” playing into literacy theme and showing the danger of misreading, which RC has done in the case of Jarndyce
  • RC believes his and JJ’s interests in the case are conflicting
  • 501 Narrator changes gaze to voyeuristic Guppy and Weevle in Lincolns Inn — the exchange is geographical
  • 506 Tulkinghorn tries to get at what Guppy knows but he keeps Weevle/Jobling nearby
  • 506-8 the way he uses cliches as the basis for rhapsodies and connects them metonymically: the unstable “ship of state” into a beautiful description of the sun setting on the Dedlock family gallery
  • Coodle is a Whig, Doodle is a Tory
  • 510 Sir L is a “bright particular star” amongst his cousins during the election — how Helen describes Bertram in All’s Well
  • 511 Sir Leicester is the MP for his district, but the borough is rotten, meaning that it’s a foregone conclusion that he’ll win (as well as the other boroughs that are in his pocket)
  • 512 Lady D says they’ve shot “a rat” (hoping it’s Tulkinghorn) - like Hamlet describing Polonius
  • 514 “the floodgates are burst open” — theme of social cohesion from the Vholes chapter
    • Tulkinghorn: the Ironmaster has been able to influence the election against Sir L’s interests
  • 515 Tulkinghorn then veiledly threatens Lady D by telling her story as if it’s someone else’s
    • 517 she confronts him
  • 526 Hortense harassing the Snagsbys and then comes to Tulkinghorn
  • 530 RC's possession by the court case
  • Skimpole is unbalanced sentiment, susceptibility, sensibility, imagination
    • not only a child but traditional female attributes
  • 532 no clocks at Skimpole's -- stasis
  • 534 ES on SKimpole: "The more I saw of him...the less agreeable it was to think of his having anything to do with anyone for whom I cared."
  • 535 why does he need to give his daughters genre? What does it say about genre as a system?
  • 539 Sir L visits Jarndyce and causes ES to confide in him
    • JJ discussing Lady D's motives as best he knows them on 540
  • 541 her little sermon about "being good enough" makes me feel pity
  • 543 Esther reviewing her past experience ahead of Jarndyce's proposal like the montage effect in David Copperfield (Dickens, 1850)
  • 543-6 His proposal: is there any way it's not gross?
    • Jarndyce and ES "partly but not thoroughly creepy"
    • partly is D wanting to reserve Esther as a romantic heroine - restored at the end
      • Can we think about Skimpole giving his daughters genres and Dickens paternalistically giving Esther one in the same way?
    • feminized old men in Victorian culture - redomesticating them from the separate work sphere
  • 549 Vholes self-serving in reporting about RC's reduced circumstances, and responsibility dodging with the case: we "can but put our shoulders to the wheel"
  • 551-2 RC selling out of the army (i.e., selling his commission for the money) and nearing despair about the case, but won't take Ada's money
  • 555 in her reunion with Woodcourt ES finds comfort because "it was I who was under the necessity of reassuring him"
    • Allan comments on a certain look about RC
  • 557 "Tom only may and can, or shall and will, be reclaimed according to somebody's theory but nobody's practice": scabrous perspective on the use of parliamentary commissions about sanitation
  • 558 Allan treats the brickmaker's wife (and the narrator takes a moment to contrast his behavior with the condescension of most people)
  • 561-2 Allan realizes Jo is the disease vector (non-symptomatic -doesn't make sense for smallpox) that infected Esther, and Jo whispers who took him away from BH (it's Bucket)
  • 563 Allan muses on the strangeness of having nowhere to take Jo -- that word strangeness invoking the early passage "how strange it must be to be Jo" on 239
  • 565 Allan takes Jo back to Krook's court but it is changed -- return and dynamism (vs stasis)
  • 567 Jo as homegrown "savage"
  • 573 finally Jo wants Snagsby to write an apology - very large - for him
  • JJ and Woodcourt think "how strangely Fate has entangled this rough outcast in the web of very different lives"
  • 574-5 stichomythia to heighten the drama of Jo's deathbed scene and the contrast between Chadband's canting Xianity and Allan's genuine one, and then the final, scabrous repetition to his whole audience.
    • and finally Jo leaves off before saying "hallowed be thy" name -- in this novel about the instability of names as signifiers and of systems of signification, it's interesting that the original (in the Christian tradition) logos - God's name - is just beyond Jo's dying breath
  • the "debilitated cousin" compares (quite obliquely) Lady D to Lady Macbeth sleepwalking
  • 583-4 Lady D and Tulkinghorn's final confrontation - she will not be his puppet
  • 586 Tulkinghorn is murdered (after a long set up) - we are given to suspect Lady D but also George (who was angry at T in the last chapter)
  • 591 George comes into the Bagnets' looking upset -- and soon Bucket comes for him (593)
    • Bucket is even more intimidating in his friendly guise
  • 598-9 caddy becomes a mother, and the baby's "[lying] quiet and think[ing]" contrasts with her past, though the veins on her face ES connects to caddy's past
  • ES cautions herself about the directness of her narrative: "I'm getting on irregularly as it is"
  • 600 interesting that she doesn't narrate directly (show us)telling Ada that she's marrying JJ
  • 602 a bit of asperity at the edges of es's description of turveydrop
  • 604-6 growing "shade" or distance between Esther and Ada (foreshadowing her secret marriage to RC I think)
  • 607ff interesting development: ES narrates Woodcourt's visit to RC
    • allows her to use Allan to observe richard's haggard anxiety about himself and Ada
    • 609 ES getting more sophisticated as a narrator, stepping out of the flow of the story to reflect on allan's perspective and remind the reader of where, in the main flow, these secondary events occur
    • again in reflecting on 613
  • 610 "dusty bundles of papers which seemed to me like dusty mirrors reflecting his own mind"
    • twining two important image clusters in her narrative: papers and mirrors
  • rc: "either the truth must be ended, or the suitor!"
  • 611 Ada reveals that she and RC have been married 2 months
    • es blames herself for not seeing it, of course
    • one wonders whether Vholes influenced RC to get at her money
  • 616 they go to the prison to visit George
  • 617 he refuses a lawyer (tho as JJ points out for common law, not equity)
    • ff: he wants to do it his own way rather than be enfolded into an impersonal system
  • 621 george inadvertently causes the reader to suspect lady D
  • 622 Mrs bagnet reveals george's family is in Lincolnshire and goes to get his mother
  • 623 Bucket's guiding forefinger
  • 626 bucket avoids sending and receiving letters because they're so frequently produced in evidence
  • 627 again here the ambiguity of bucket: sir Leicester is footing the bill (tho he does present evidence against lady d to Mercury on 631)
  • 632 Bucket awakes at the beginning of ch 54/#17, having slept for what would have been a month in readers' experience - like Florence in Dombey in Hughes & Lund 1991, the pattern of interruption and processing is recreated on a different scale between reading experience and narrative world
    • how often does this happen, that new serial numbers begin with a character waking?
  • 634ff Bucket telling Sir L about his suspicions of Lady D
  • 636 Smallweed, mr and mrs Chadband, Mrs Snagsby come to see sir l, threatening with letters between lady d and hawdon he found in krook's shop (which he gave to tulkinghorn), and which bucket now has (638)
  • 641 Bucket advises sir l to buy off the group's information, saying tulkinghorn had "all these horses in hand" but now they're out of control
  • 642 hortense has been bucket's lodger -- and he springs a trap on her
  • 644ff george was the fall guy in bucket's plan - and Mrs Bucket was in on it (like Mrs Bagnet)
    • a structural deficiency: we never meet Mrs bucket
    • i get this feeling that Tulkinghorn and Bucket are the narrator's avatars in the story world
  • 648 Sir L's pathetic bewilderment
  • 649 Mrs Rouncewell and Mrs Bagnet headed for London
  • 652 george reveals his past
  • 656 Mrs Rouncewell gives Lady D a letter accusing her, presumably written by hortense or the Smallweed conspirators
  • 658-9 then guppy tells lady d about the conspirators coming with her letters to sir l
  • 660 lady d feels that tulkinghorn pursues her from beyond the grave
  • 662 sir Leicester has presumably suffered a stroke, and can only write questions to Mrs R on a slate
  • 664 bucket finds esther's handkerchief, which inspires him to go find her
  • 667 narrative pressure from the cliffhanger in es's recapitulation of situation at the beginning of #18/ch 57
  • she avoids narrative revelation of bucket's plan so as to put the reader in a parallel position to her
  • 668 textualizing lady d in the same way the picture(s) frame but do not catch her, alienating her body from herself
    • also the posters and handbills as bucket coveys her around: even in a chase scene, this book is full of documents
  • 671 bucket says she saw him on the road when he came to look after Jo -- when was this?
    • again his ambiguous position re Jo (and skimpole's trecherousness on 673)
  • this chapter feels almost meta fictive, like its outside of the temporal and narrative scheme of es's narrative even as it advances the plot
    • in part because of Bucket's outsider commentary on Jo and Skimpole - the space of interpretation
  • 674 Brickmakers, again
  • 678-9 the snow here and in the next chapter are interesting because snow alters time in a way that fog doesn't, both obscure but snow seems to slow things down when bucket needs as much time as he can get - the modulation of time in this chapter is striking
  • 681 rumor about lady d is limited in motion to town -- less penetrating than intelligence (bucket)
  • 683 Mrs Rouncewell -- the dedlock family is breaking up -- if they're like the hills this is almost an earthquake (appropriate given their money and power are in land)
    • also the ghost walk steps are getting louder
  • 685 the first thing sir l can really say is george's name
  • 686 george explaining himself and his sequestration to sir l: he's "not much to boast of"
    • sir l says George "is another self to [him]" -- again sir l's identity is not as a modern individual but as family scion, lord of the manner
  • 687 sir l defends lady d somewhat movingly (we are asked to see)
  • 691 George thinking "of the two periods of his life so strangely brought together across the wide intermediate space"
  • 692 Es's anxiety and forgetfulness of her body
  • 693 Chancery Ln -- they turn to the nexus
    • Allen conveniently in the street (tho in keeping with his habits)
  • 694 first instance of worry about Richard
  • 695 is it possible that at this point Esther and Snagsby really haven't met?
  • 696 Bucket tells Mrs Snagsby to "go and see othello acted"
  • 698 Lady D's final letter: "I shall die of terror and my conscience"
  • 700 ES's anxiety and grief channeled into a poetic sensibility - her development as an individual narrator at a high water mark
  • 701 her vision's alienation when she mistakes Lady D for Jenny, the final doubling - like the fog, her desire for another ending cuddles her senses, disconnecting positive sense information from comprehension
  • "I proceed to other passages of my narrative."
  • 702 jj "what shall we find reasonable in Jarndyce and Jarndyce"
  • 704 Allen (and Esther too) to eventually build their bleak house replica in the industrial north -- interesting on changing socioeconomics as well as reproduction, commodification
  • 708 Vholes as well as admits RC's case is hopeless, and Esther sees right through him
  • 710 Ada's self sacrifice
  • 712 "parallel case exactly!": skimpole is abstract and hypocritical in a different way, but that's the same problem dickens finds with chancery
    • his monstrous defense of his behavior about Jo - compare to bucket's analysis on 673, which he precisely fulfills
  • 716 her self consciousness and careful narrative positioning again -- Allen professes love on the next page
  • 721 ES tells JJ to set a date
  • 722 bucket brings Smallweed with the Jarndyce will
  • 725 Kenge says JJ is prejudiced against good coming from J v J
    • 726 "we are a prosperous community, mr j"
  • 727 "a Babel of iron sounds", like the Tower of Babel in the industrial north in Shirley
  • 730 George sees it as a matter of honor to be removed from his mother's will, to render himself illegible to the legal system he suspects (ever an imperfect instrument, to use Kenge's phrase)
    • but his brother argues his obligation is to their mother, not to maintaining his freedom from the law
  • 732 George's apologetic letter to Esther explaining why Hawdon was never heard from under his real name again
  • 736 the new BH - JJ's paternalism
  • 740 poor Guppy, like a more earnest and wooly headed Uriah Heep
  • 742 J and J over at last
  • 743 Allan references Twelfth Night with patience on the monument of J v J
  • whole suit absorbed in costs
  • 745 Richard on his deathbed says "I have to begin the world" and that he has learned a hard lesson -- tragic self knowledge, classical, like Othello
    • what does it mean, to begin the world?
  • 746 Richard dies, and Miss Flite sets her birds free
  • 747 Boythorn keeps up his dispute with Sir L to keep him busy
  • 748 sir l reposes before lady d's picture
  • 748 volumnia cruel and kind, like Hamlet
  • 750 Es's self effacement to the end about her daughters
  • 751 Mrs Jellyby's final disappointment about Boorioboola and the narrative dismissive of her feminism
  • 752 the richness of community vs money
  • Allan mentions the mirror at the end, that she is prettier than ever
  • the last paragraph left unfinished, cycling back around

Theme Tracking

Reading/Writing

  • 63 paper economy of knowledge and power: all the court docs, then Miss Flite's documents
  • 71 Mr sladdery the society librarian
  • 72 lady d recognizes nemo's handwriting in the affidavit
  • 148 Mrs Pardiggle has left a book (Diffusion of Christian Knowledge like) at the brickmaker's which he's refused to read
  • 164 Snagsby - legal stationer
  • 291 Weevle/Jobling's copperplate engravings of fashionable beauties which he hangs in Nemo's old room

Materiality

  • 94 the things in the Jellybys' house all have an ideological as well as a comic meaning
  • 101ff Krook's

Gender

  • 67 Lady D's situation like that Dorothea laments on 257 in Middlemarch (Eliot, 1872)
  • 91 the gendered ideological valence of the narr's criticism of Mrs J
  • 95 Ada says ES "would make a home out of even this house"
  • 116 E gets the house keys
  • 140 E's nicknames

Socioecon

Enviro

  • opening paras: fog, mud, heat death of the sun
  • atmosphere at chesney wold - insulated
  • 84 London particular - contextualize
    • l/u miasma theory

Shakespeare

  • "the law's delay" in the "to be" speech of Hamlet overall (thanks, Claire)
  • 69: lady d has "all her perfections on her head" where Old Hamlet has all his imperfections on his
  • 273 Mr Chadband "it is the head and front of his pretensions" - Othello - "...his offending"
  • 286 Smallweed keeps Jobling from interrupting by saying "Shakespeare" irrelevantly when Guppy is trying to convince J to go and live at Krook's to be his spy
  • 290 Guppy filling Krook's gin and the Lord Chancellor calls him "a baron of the land" - a little dilapidated show of a different class, distantly recalling I Henry IV when they "try" Falstaff in the pub
  • 293 Smallweed's father's (?) mind was of "a lean and anxious character," like Cassius in Julius Caesar
    • what was Dickens doing in August 1852 that would lead to such a clutch of Shakespeare?
  • 300 "he will have his bond" from Smallweed like Shylock Merchant of Venice

Chancery

Definitions of the three branches of Victorian law – statute law, common law, and equity – should suffice here. Statute law is legislation enacted by Parliament. Common law, or case law, consists of decisions made in court cases, which include both judges' decisions and jury verdicts. Common law is governed by precedent – that is, by prior decisions in relevant cases. Common law was understood to be timeless and universal, each new decision merely applying a principle already present in the Magna Carta. Common law itself has two branches: criminal cases and civil cases (the latter dealing primarily with contracts and property disputes). Equity, or the court of Chancery, was not governed by precedent. Traditionally the merciful conscience of the law, Chancery mitigated restrictions on married women's property, restored the rights of sane persons confined as lunatics, and saved convicts from hanging. It also protected wards of the crown (e.g., minors and any person found non compos mentis) and adjudicated wills. It was owing to this last role that Charles Dickens launched his influential attack on Chancery in Bleak House. Although most deficiencies of this court had been remedied in the 1840s, Dickens's account of the interminable and futile case of Jarndyce v. Jarndyce cemented public disdain for Chancery as inhumanly bureaucratic, and the 1873–75 Judicature Acts subsumed equity into the common law courts. Literature intersected with all these forms of law.
  • Equity: Wikipedia
    • Modern equity includes, amongst other things:[3]
      • The law relating to express, resulting and constructive trusts;
      • Fiduciary (i.e., trusts) law;
        • Trusts, from Xan: "a trust is basically a statement that something is being held in “trust” for the benefit or someone or something else. What being held is in the name of trust not in the name of a person. The trustee manages what is in the trust and is a fiduciary of the beneficiary."
      • Equitable estoppel (including promissory and proprietary estoppel);
      • Relief against penalties and relief against forfeiture;[4]
      • The doctrines of contribution, subrogation and marshalling; and
      • Equitable set-off.

BH seminar notes (Jesse's class 1-2017)

Context

  • regarded as D's masterpiece
  • v impt in history of the novel and of novel criticism
  • Vic pd
    • industrialization to scale: a world transformed by this
    • urbanization - overwhelming experience of modernity
    • BH opened around the time of the Great Exhibition
      • "works of industry": cotton gin
      • cultural dioramas - spectacle
      • an embodiment of mid-Victorian culture: museum and shopping mall, "temple to the commodity"
      • democratic and privatized space - "industrial capitalism's coming out party"
    • BH is the all-encompassing cultural project, the shadow exhibition (with the mess the GE leaves out)
  • double narration
    • really weird
    • tense switches too
    • it's basically unique in doing this so it's innovative but sui generis
  • parts - serialized
    • feedback loop of still writing as he published
    • not being paid by the word but by the part issue (page/word count range): hard to fill and to fit
      • forms affect meaning
  • we tend to read for plot: but how important is it, actually?
  • everything has to be there in OMF, maybe not so much in BH

Novel

  • beginning "In chancery"
    • fuddling sense data but also set pieces from mid vic pd: dinosaurs, capital
    • death of the sun (heat death), geological record of dinosaurs, all Victorian "news" in science, folded into the fog
    • miasma theory - rotting matter
  • if what we understand a novel to be is a series of events, when does something happen
    • there are repetitions, but discrete people doing discrete actions is hard to come by til Tangle and the Lord High Chancellor
    • the novel begins before the narrative
    • audience: narrating the parts of London his audience might not have gone to
    • human extinction hinted at - Lyell's books would have been familiar to Dickens as to Tennyson
    • time as accumulation/encrustation: in mud, in papers
  • Esther's narrative
    • she hasn't been necessarily asked by the lawyers to write: she's obliged but it's unclear by whom
    • the third person narrator hasn't got a presence in the story world, there's a break there that's never resolved
      • if you're a vic reader you know it's in the recent past because of certain features of the city - but the third person is in the present tense - the temporality is super weird
      • Latour's entire career is about resituating "scientific objectivity" in a person: not that a scientist is wrong but embedded
      • 3rd person omniscient: we ascribe this to the C19 realist novel but where are the "view from nowhere" narrators? D is acutely aware there's no view from nowhere. He's trying to have it both ways but it it turns out super weird.
  • narratology - "implied author"
    • from [Narratology Handbook]: "The concept of implied author refers to the author-image evoked by a work and constituted by the stylistic, ideological, and aesthetic properties for which indexical signs can be found in the text. Thus, the implied author has an objective and a subjective side: it is grounded in the indexes of the text, but these indexes are perceived and evaluated differently by each individual reader. We have the implied author in mind when we say that each and every cultural product contains an image of its maker. The implied author is therefore not a category specific to verbal narration; nevertheless, it is most often discussed in relation to verbal texts, particularly in narratological contexts."
    • the implied author "Dickens" shouldn't collapse into the narrator, which plays up the agency implied in the book: does the novel itself have agency? Maybe yes -- cf. Felksi 2011
  • Levine, Forms: the form of a network and of a narrative are at odds: rising action vs decentered network. "Affordances" becomes interesting and useful when these things are mashed together, teleological suspense and networked action
    • network: a set of interconnected nodes (people, social systems) (not narrative)
      • chancery, London, rumor, family, etc.
    • form: a meaningful arrangement; Hensley: an enabling constraint
      • genre is a form of forms; BH has properties that inhere only to it
      • formal analysis is predicated on a type of abstraction: what does it do that it has this shape, ex, length
  • Jo/slave analogy implicit in Tom-All-Alone's chapter (16) - person without legal personhood
    • can you show people being objectified without being complicit in their dehumanization? Can satire step outside that?
  • Jo as animal - Darwin erased that boundary
  • black holes in the narrative: Jo and Tulkinghorn
  • is it prejudiced to have realist subjectivity as the standard for "real" that Jo stands outside?
  • Dickens' embeddedness in commodification of the novel - not trying to distance himself from the market too much
  • Armstrong, "Vic Archive and Its Secret"
    • bureaucratic paperwork, information systems/theory
    • Foucault: archeology of knowledge, disciplinary apparatuses of modernity - bureaucracy - DA Miller: everything in BH becomes intelligible to power through bureaucratic apparatus
    • Armstrong is distinguishing because the junk is what the bureaucratic view can't internalize or instrumentalize: not everything can be reduced to Foucault
    • Interested in what can be encoded as information and what can't: the connection between natural and sexual selection and the archive: the way things accumulate, thru the bureau process you're classifying things as readable and some are't, sexual selection throwing into flux what can be readable the way the bureaucratic archive does, an analogous mechanism
    • the junk shop matters because that stuff doesn't seem to be useful but could be in a different way: it's not the classificatory Foucauldian reading of stuff; the potentially useless could be useful in a way you don't expect that disrupts classification, like sexual selection
      • detritus can come out and be read, and that's the pay-off: anti-Foucauldian-sih
      • Darwin and Dickens as anti-Linnean, anti-taxonomic
      • reading Darwin in terms of Dickens: impt flip
  • Tom All Alone's - "what connexion can there be?" - this is what BH is about
    • imagined communities - Anderson - citizenship and literacy - is Jo a citizen really? Not reading: private belonging but not public, bureaucratic, legal
    • what is beyond the Foucauldian bureaucratic gaze (Armstrong) - Jo's personhood
    • does he become a citizen when Tulkinghorn wants him? A person with a relationship to the social polity?
    • status of legal identity really important in the novel
      • invested in legal questions of who is a legal person: Agamben: "sovereignty is the right to decide who is killable" (Homo Sacer section 6)
  • Bucket - are his aims justice?
    • avenging the odious Tulk
    • Hortense keeps talking about the 1792 revolution but not 1848: a Dickens oversight?
      • her frenchness could mean many different things, but here it seems to be french radicalism of a maid prepared to murder members of the establishment (innate racial characteristics everywhere in C19)
  • Aristocracy
    • illegitimacy <-> aristocracy
    • "dull repose" of Chesney at the end - the grave stasis of Lady D xferring tot he horse itself in the ending of Sir L's line
    • Sir L broke class norms by marrying her - arrogance in his sense of the family's impenetrability to controversy
      • you get his decency in his rels to George - it gets worked out there rather than directly with Lady d
    • George becoming a servant at CW is a "good outcome" for him
      • Ironmaster chapter: class stuff working out with Rouncewell waiting to take maid away - rising bourgeoisie blowing Sir L's mind
      • history is leaving Sir L behind but in this quasi-nostalgic way
        • it's not a condemnation of the existing class structure, which can be critically frustrating: a philanthropic rather than a Marxist model
  • Industrialization (ch 63)
    • not a main theme but implicit not least of which in industrialization of paper, and of time and power
    • we need both brothers - the ironmaster for the position of CW in the novel
      • brother has historical role: voice of industrialization which has changed premises of everything
    • people are constantly trying to reinscribe George in a social order and he ends up in a past one (aristo servant)
    • Rouncewell is the factory owner, Phil is the factory owner: a humorous guy who's been blown up a few times - the winners and losers of industrialization
  • BH impt and early in history of detective fiction
    • there is a host of detectives trying to make sense, not just Bucket (tho he's crucial in making th enovel end)
    • detecting is a new problem solving mode for making plot vs marriage plot, social mobility
      • social problems in difference senses
      • marriage plot solves the social, detective plots are more epistemological (how do we know what we know?)
    • what Bucket is doing is now highly illegal: official police and private, investigation for Tulkinghorn AND Dedlock - coopting the state for private means (Blackwater in Iraq War...)
      • privacy means very little: Holmes is less intrusive than he is
    • Bucket creates assemblages of people, constellates characters, whereas Holmes deduces
  • Esther as a narrator gains a poetic sensibility, "unreal things become more substantial" (Ch 59)
    • it seems unnecessary to drag ES around, it's excessive, a lot of effort for putting everything together. Does it succeed as suspense? Maybe. "A wintry day" inbetween for counterpoint
    • is lady d trying to get back to CW, or that's what they thing
    • "I did not know that" in last paragraph of the novel: again epistemological frustration highlighted and cycling back to the mud at the beginning
  • it doesn't make sense historically or medically for ES's disease to be smallpox (with facial scarring): isolated case, Jo as a nonmanifesting carrier unlikely
    • cholera makes more sense actually, smallpox for plot reasons: Dickens wants her to be disfigured
    • fascination with disfigurement - freak shows - different moral vs scientific valences historically
  • ES marrying Allen W
    • setting up a trajectory and then switching
    • child marriages, sexless marriages - the former understood then as unfortunate but not necessarily perverse and wouldn't have precluded the possbility of children
    • Jarndyce and ES "partly but not thoroughly creepy"
    • partly is D wanting to reserve Esther as a romantic heroine - restored at the end
    • feminized old men in Victorian culture - redomesticating them from the separate work sphere
  • How much does the plot matter?
  • materialism as metonymy (Freedgood 2006)
    • synecdoche: part standing for whole, "all hands on deck," even more proximate than metonymy
    • metaphor: comparison based on implied resemblance (I got "bulldozed")
    • simile: comparison based on stated resemblance using "like" or "as"
    • metonymy - proximate association, "re-naming"
      • the White House is not a part of the presidency
      • it can be arbitrary, proximity doesn't need to be literal: "Madonna": "the 80s," "Like a Prayer," "Virgin Mary" all conceptually proximate
      • Dickens loves metonymy, loves association
      • slippery: can be an infinite set of associations
      • use can vary too: stream of consciousness can model metonymy but the difference is, are you using it to contain meaning (metonymy doesn't do containment)
      • free association can disrupt meaning, using "crown" for sovereignty but you hear "dental crown"
        • Eliot hates losing control this way; Dickens loves this play
      • metonymy is good at adding but not at taking away
      • metonym is produced by proximity not necessarily resemblance
      • Barthes: a lot of objects are not there to produce metonymic effects except with "the real world" (The Reality Effect)
  • Presentism
    • bad when the present idea is mapped onto the past, when anachronistic
    • strategic: if we allow ourselves a little of it, we can do something important (Dickens wouldn't ask this question but I know I'm doing it) - leveraging the gap to make a point about our moment or the gap ourselves
    • transparent presentism: historicizing but answering "So what" "Why does it matter now?"
    • explicitly being historicist b/c you know it would've been different to be a woman then but needing to do a lot of work to figure out what's different, the actual modes of their resistance; it's natural for Victorian "feminists" to think with the cognitive essential difference between biological senses, for example
    • reading anachronistically is interesting because it tells us something about now, e.g., Wolf Hall tells us about 2000 rather than 1525 (the historicist argument)
    • but being self-conscious about the danger of presentism: in order to dramatize aspects of this society I couldn't do otherwise, I will have people say "fuck" in Deadwood (because C19 profanity is hard to comprehend for us b/c it's so much about blasphemy)
  • "the female body is a problem in C19 lit as is its porousness and permeability"
  • the agency of novels - "the chain of signification does not move from the city to the novel as copy but the other way around": the agency of literature does not proceed from another referent.
  • novel at the individual/modern subject - How Novels Think

Reading Notes 1-17

Page numbers refer to: Charles Dickens. Bleak House. Pub. 1853. Ed. Nicola Bradbury. New York: Penguin, 2003.

  • 14-15: the ways the fog fuddles positivist sensory knowledge: we are in a space where scientific epistemology is rendered vague
  • "No one knows for certain, because no one cares" (Miss Flite)
  • 16 document/paper based economy of knowledge, unstable signifiers like Flite's "documents"
   * 26: which lady D enters through knowing Nemo's handwriting
  • Ch 3 beginning of Esther's narrative "my portion of these pages" -- the paper object is epistemologically or even ontologically unstable here
   * 40 Esther's narrative is a legal document itself
  • Track writing (and how forms of knowing otherwise are undepenable but even writing is unsteady)
   * 27
   * 31
   * 32
   * 38 periods
   * 40
   * 43 *
   * 47
   * 53 caddy
   * 60
   * 66-79: Krook's
   * 73: cutting prints and pasting to wall
   * 76 krook copies but can't read
   * 117 the Growlery
   * 119
   * 123 rags tracts and the charitable paper economy
   * 149-50 Guppy’s proposal in legal discourse
   * 154 Snagsby — law stationer
       * Ghosts and paper? Peffer, plus 156
   * 158 Rolls’ Yard
   * 159-164 Tulkinghorn -> Nemo
   * 170
   * 195
   * 230
   * 235
   * 236 krook teaching himself 
   * 257-60 Jo's illiteracy and how Tom all Alone's isn't represented in writing
       * Inadequacy of written representation of the social scales up to the novel itself (following Levine 2009)
   * 276
   * 284 business like
   * 300
   * 316
   * 317
   * 325
   * 328 krook is rags like omf
   * 344
   * 352
   * 358-9 xian sign
   * 371
   * 385
   * 388
   * 396
   * 403
   * 408
   * 415
   * 429-30 hawdon nemo
   * 434
   * 447
   * 459
   * 462-3
   * 467
   * 477
   * 486 Charley learning to write 
   * 508
   * 511-2
   * 515
   * 520
   * 532
   * 534 lady d's letters
   * 552
   * 556
   * 559
   * 563
   * 569
   * 575
   * 580
   * 595-6
   * 609
   * 612
   * 614 self conscious about prosing...in BH
   * 615
   * 622
   * 629
   * 632-3 clearing krook's
   * 652
   * 654
   * 675
   * 684
   * 688
   * 700
   * 711
   * 721-2
   * 728
   * 731 Jo's epitaph
   * 744
   * 768
   * 772
   * 776
   * 780
   * 784 dusty papers/Richard's mind
   * 805-6
   * 808
   * 820 Bucket tells sir l in the library
   * 824
   * 835
   * 842
   * 848-851
   * 853
   * 854
   * 858
   * 863
   * 866
   * 867 another likeness of lady d circulating, following her into the dark
   * 880
   * 887
   * 895
   * 900
   * 906
   * 909
   * 919
   * 920
   * 921
   * 932
   * 935
   * 944-5 the other will 
   * 948
   * 950
   * 953
   * 957
   * 960
   * 964
   * 972
   * 974
   * 983
   * 985
   * 987
  • 37 pie wrapped in paper
  • 44 Esther as a blank text for ada to confide in
  • 93 a little clutch of Shakespeare
  • 105 genre positioning at Chesney Wold (fairy tale/fancy vs Gothic)
  • 115 Esther narrativizing space/landscape outside BH
  • 118 starting to explain chancery case
  • 121 Wiglomeration
  • 122 Narrative imperatives of different genres and characters, Tom J and the case vs Esther's own biography (self-effacement)
   * The way not knowing, narrative indeterminacy, is associated with happiness
  • 127 the Pardiggles even more entertaining than the Jellybys
  • 135 strange that he demurs to narrate the perspective of the poor (rem of Forster's remark)
  • 177 Jo’s intro
  • 183 Lady D “sees everything"
  • 197 Richard's character shaped by chancery
  • 214 who is the dark young surgeon? Woodcourt 237 why the deferral?
  • 225 -- Turveydrop pairs with Sir Leicester (?), Skimpole and Boythorn
   * Actually he pairs with Mrs Jellyby but all are useless in their own way
  • 228 levelling age/deportment
  • 251 Gridley the system vs individuals
  • 282 Richard behaves like someone in poverty by buying things -- better to invest capital in property than in something abstract to that pov
  • 292 lady d's face as a broken glass to Esther
  • 310 what does engage for Jo's moving on mean?
  • 312 What is mrs Chadband's connection to Esther? Was mrs Rachael 398
  • 333 smallweeds and compound interest
  • 347 hawdon
  • 371 Richard
  • 385 Charley shuttled from the smallweeds to bleak house -- how labor is the vector of the network so often
  • 406 mrs snagsby perceiving the network of all people, jealousy and suspicion as vector
  • 451 conflict between ideological time schemes
  • 458 sir leicester perusing the backs of his books
  • 464 guppy connecting lady d and Esther
  • 474 mr jellyby gets out of bankruptcy by "going through the gazette"?
  • 507 Weevle and Snagsby tasting Krook on the air...
  • 523 snagsby keeps mentioning fate but it's not adequate to the narrative
  • 566 ms flite
  • 575 Esther's negative subjectivity or affect, the absence of affective response being narrated that's so revealing
  • 583 sentimentally exculpating lady d
  • 621 English law making business for itself
  • 643-5 class and politics with Leicester
  • 672-3 how morally culpable should we hold John J for his apologizing for Skimpole and Richard's subsequent fall under the influence he and of Vholes?
  • 732 metafictive -- fate as engine of plot, of networking
   * Bucket's book of fate 806
  • 735 indeterminate Shakespeare reference
  • 795-6 the negative position of bucket in the narrative rel to george -- detective a bit more ambivalent heee and in Moonstone vs later detective fiction
  • Ch 58 886ff. he's quite powerful in his elegiac mode (though still funny)
  • 902 Esther a pattern
  • 908 othello and mrs snagsby
  • 932-3: could we take Skimpole's anti-capitalism seriously? Could Leigh hunt be a guide?

Bibliographical Notes

  • Per Sandra Kroupa (ask her for dealer name): "Talked to my dealer expert at the Book Fair in CA—the book never came out as a 3 vol. novel in England. If there is one, it is a unique rebinding of the parts." Caroline Levine makes this error, as do others.
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